Juno often had this function, as at theLatintown ofLanuviumand theEtruscancity ofVeii,and was often housed in an especially grand temple on thearx(citadel)or other prominent or central location. The Dark Ages Germanic invasion of Britain is looking increasingly like a climate catastrophe refugee migration (albeit well-armed) into an area that may have been partially depopulated by an epidemic. Representation of a Yamnaya Culture horse rider. A similar physical type prevails among the, , who were tall and powerfully built. A more recent study by Cooke et al. This wasnt just a mass population replacement, but a longer-term series of cultural interactions and changes. Back migration from Corded Ware also contributed to Sintashta and Andronovo. TheAncient North Eurasianpopulation, who contributed significant ancestry toWestern Steppe Herders, are believed to be the source of this mutation. ref, Inarchaeogenetics, the termAncient North Eurasian(generally abbreviated as ANE) is the name given to an ancestral component that represents a lineage ancestral to the people of theMaltaBuret cultureand populationsclosely relatedto them, such as fromAfontova Goraand theYana Rhinoceros Horn Site, and populations descended from them. Archaeologists call the people who built these mounds representatives of the Yamnaya Culture, transplanted more than 800 miles from their homeland on the steppe to the Pannonian Basin in central Europe. Haplogroup R possible time of origin about 27,000 years in Central Asia, South Asia, or Siberia: Bridging the Boreal Forest: Siberian Archaeology and the Emergence of Pottery among Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of Northern Eurasia, Globalization and the Emergence of Ceramic-using Hunter-gatherers in Northern Eurasia, A comparative perspective on the western and eastern Neolithics ofEurasia: Ceramics; agriculture and sedentism, The arrival of haplogroup R1a-M417 in Eastern Europe, and the east-west diffusion of pottery through North Eurasia. https://indo-european.eu/2018/02/the-arrival-of-haplogroup-r1a-m417-in-eastern-europe-and-the-east-west-diffusion-of-pottery-through-north-eurasia/, Ancient North Eurasian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian, Ancient North Eurasian/MaltaBuret culture haplogroup R* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture, The arrival of haplogroup R1a-M417 in Eastern Europe, and the east-west diffusion of pottery through North Eurasia.ref, R1a1a1 (R-M417) is the most widely found subclade, in two variations which are found respectively in Europe (R1a1a1b1 (R-Z282) ([R1a1a1a*] (R-Z282) and Central and South Asia (R1a1a1b2 (R-Z93) ([R1a1a2*] (R-Z93). ref. People of the neighboringKhvalynsk culturewere less powerfully built. The wooden plows of the Catacomb culture (25001950 BCE) offer an archaeologicalterminus post quem. divided into 6 groups: gods, ancestors, souls of the living, spirits of living things, spirits of lifeless objects, and ghosts), , there are various types of tutelary deities, among which. Gobekli Tepe is more like Shamanistic early Paganism, Not Adam, Eve, and Cain or Bible anything! And a far-leftist, Anarcho-Humanist.. Indo-Europeans and the Yamnaya Culture - Substack Possible Religion Motivations in the First Cave Art at around 43,000 years ago? I have written a book and several peer reviewed journal articles. Ketmythologywith those of speakers ofUralic languages, assuming in the studies that they are modelingsemioticsystems in the compared mythologies. *progressed stage of organized religion Myths Origin is 7,000 years ago. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. If youd like to learn more about the Yamnaya and their migration, check out todays episode of Tides of History. Did Indo-European Languages Stem From a Trans-Eurasian Original Language: https://www.academia.edu/49885484/Did_Indo_European_Languages_Stem_From_a_Trans_Eurasian_Original_Language?email_work_card=title, Natufian Beginnings: The consequences of a sedentary lifestyle: https://www.academia.edu/2236450/Natufian_Beginnings_The_consequences_of_a_sedentary_lifestyle?email_work_card=title, M. Vidale, T-Shaped Pillars and Mesolithic Chiefdoms in the Prehistory of Southern Eurasia: a Preliminary Note: https://www.academia.edu/3877380/M_Vidale_T_Shaped_Pillars_and_Mesolithic_Chiefdoms_in_the_Prehistory_of_Southern_Eurasia_a_Preliminary_Note?email_work_card=title, Pigs in Space (and Time): Pork Consumption and Identity Negotiations in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages of Ancient Israel, Near Eastern Archaeology 81: 276-299: https://www.academia.edu/38549199/Pigs_in_Space_and_Time_Pork_Consumption_and_Identity_Negotiations_in_the_Late_Bronze_and_Iron_Ages_of_Ancient_Israel_Near_Eastern_Archaeology_81_276-299?email_work_card=title, Ancient Felines and the Great-Goddess in Anatolia: Kubaba and Cybele Goddesses: https://www.academia.edu/220990/Ancient_Felines_and_the_Great-Goddess_in_Anatolia_Kubaba_and_Cybele?email_work_card=title, Anatolia From the Pre-Pottery Neolithic to the End of the Early Bronze Age (10,5002000 BCE): https://www.academia.edu/40971286/Anatolia_From_the_Pre_Pottery_Neolithic_to_the_End_of_the_Early_Bronze_Age_10_500_2000_bce_?email_work_card=title, Recent excavations at the Neolithic site of yiftahel (Khalet Khalladyiah), lower Galilee: https://www.academia.edu/23733311/Recent_excavations_at_the_Neolithic_site_of_yiftahel_Khalet_Khalladyiah_lower_Galilee?email_work_card=title, Inanna in Mesopotamian Religion and Culture: Reinforcer of Heteronormativity, or Legitimizer of non-Heteronormativity: https://academia.edu/9898651/Inanna_in_Mesopotamian_Religion_and_Culture_Reinforcer_of_Heteronormativity_or_Legitimizer_of_non-Heteronormativity?email_work_card=title, East Asian ethnolinguistic phylogeography: https://www.academia.edu/10168550/East_Asian_ethnolinguistic_phylogeography?email_work_card=minimal-title, Neolithic Levant: Chronology; Natufian overview; Neolithic summary; PPNA (Jericho; Gobekli Tepe; agriculture; lithics); PPNB (Ain Ghazal; herding); PNA (pottery; Yarmukian culture); PNB (Wadi Rabah); main trends: https://www.academia.edu/9552951/Anth.340_Ppt._lecture-3_Neolithic_Levant_Chronology_Natufian_overview_Neolithic_summary_PPNA_Jericho_Gobekli_Tepe_agriculture_lithics_PPNB_Ain_Ghazal_herding_PNA_pottery_Yarmukian_culture_PNB_Wadi_Rabah_main_trends_by_G._Mumford_revised_Sept._2018_?email_work_card=title, Starcevo-Cris Culture in Western Romania repository, distribution map, state of research and chronology: https://www.academia.edu/1527168/Starcevo-Cris_Culture_in_Western_Romania_-_repository_distribution_map_state_of_research_and_chronology?email_work_card=title, MESOLITHIC PEOPLE FROM CRIMEA: The materials for our study were represented by three skeletons from Murzakkoba I andII and Fatmakoba dated to the Upper PaleolithicMesolithic period: https://www.academia.edu/30971852/MESOLITHIC_PEOPLE_FROM_CRIMEA?email_work_card=minimal-title, From Upper Perigordian to the current Non-hierarchical Gravettian in the Cantabrian Region (Northern Spain): Recent Changes, Current Challenges: https://www.academia.edu/16562337/From_Upper_Perigordian_to_the_current_Non-hierarchical_Gravettian_in_the_Cantabrian_Region_Northern_Spain_Recent_Changes_Current_Challenges?email_work_card=minimal-title, Asian varieties of millet made their way from China to the Black Sea region of Europe by 5000 BCE or 7,000 years ago.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet, Origins of Transeurasian languages traced to Neolithic millet farmers in north-easternChinaabout 9,000 years ago, A study combining linguistic, genetic, and archaeological evidence has traced the origins of a family of languages including modern Japanese, Korean, Turkish and Mongolian and the people who speak them to millet farmers who inhabited a region in north-easternChinaabout 9,000 years ago. This type was common in the religions of antiquity, such as theLaresofancient Roman religion, theGashinofKorean shamanism, andCofgodasofAnglo-Saxon paganism. By the mid-2nd millennium BCE, the formation of the steppe belt cultures was completed, and these cultures continued to exist until relatively recently. The genetic sequencing of individuals is changing how we view the genetic turnover of the Late Neolithic period. Cory Johnston:https://damienmarieathope.com/2021/04/cory-johnston-mind-of-a-skeptical-leftist/?v=32aec8db952d, The Mind of a Skeptical Leftist (YouTube), Cory Johnston: Mind of a Skeptical Leftist@Skepticallefty, The Mind of a Skeptical Leftist By Cory Johnston: Promoting critical thinking, social justice, and left-wing politics by covering current events and talking to a variety of people. Read the original scholarly article about this research inPLOS ONE. When we add the. To master oneself, also means mastering positive prosocial behaviors needed for human flourishing. , the migration becomes even clearer: People buried in kurgans on the Hungarian Plain derived most or all of their ancestry from people who had lived on the steppe a few centuries (at most) before. The later, fully developed kurgan was a hill on which the deceased chief might ascend to the sky god, but whether these early mounds had that significance is doubtful. I have written a book and several peer reviewed journal articles. 13,000-12,000 years ago Culture Leading to New Oppression changed everything and it was not always this way. Strikingly, they seem to be structured into three distinct west-east genetic clines running between different western and eastern Eurasian groups, instead of being evenly spaced in PC space. Warring Seima-Turbino groups migrated from Central Asia towards the Urals and further into Eastern Europe. The uppermost cline, composed of individuals from northern Eurasia, mostly speaking Uralic or Yeniseian languages, connects northeast Europeans and the Uralic (Samoyedic) speaking Nganasans from northern Siberia. Women were the focus of religion, from at least around 35,000 years ago, until 2,000 years ago? Its pretty obvious that these people, or individuals and groups related to them, moved. For the last two millennia, many of these languages have been written, and their history is relatively clear. The resulting picture is one that is far less problematic to the Steppe Hypothesis than has been previously suggested. This admixture was brought to Europe by Mongoloid people via Siberia. Totemism is needed for supernatural thinking connecting human actions & related to clan/tribe. Other species include bread wheat and, occasionally, broomcorn millet, along with pea, bitter vetch, pulses, and grapes. ref, Centered on the Dnieper in Ukraine and extending east to the Don. ) Mystery Cave Rings 175,000 Years Ago, 130,000 years ago Earliest evidence for burial and its Neanderthals. ref, Proto-Indo-European mythology is the body of myths and deities associated with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, the hypothetical speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language. The Yamnaya are most significant because of their dramatic expansion across Eurasia in only a few generations moving westward to Hungary and eastward to Mongolia, said University of Helsinki archaeologist and co-author Volker Heyd. The Max Planck Institute reports that this suggests that genetic dispersal was a complex process, involving the gradual mixture of parallel, highly genetically structured societies.. Yamnaya people were pastoralists who relied on herding sheep, goats, and cattle. This was a world of mobile herders who took their cattle and sheep from place to place, using horses to do so. Yamnaya culture or at least Proto-Indo-European Languages/Religions may The majority view in historical linguistics is that the homeland of Indo-European is located in the Pontic steppes present-day Ukraine around 6,000 years ago. Axiological Atheist,Anti-theist,Anti-religionist,Secular Humanist,Rationalist, Writer, Artist,Jeweler,Poet, autodidact Philosopher, schooled in Psychology, and autodidact Armchair Archaeology/Anthropology/Pre-Historian (Knowledgeable in the range of: 1 million to 5,000/4,000 years ago). We see styles of artifact and burial that are intrusive (meaning unlike older practices) to the new area, in this case the Hungarian Plain and to a lesser extent the Danube Valley. Around 2,140 to 2,116 years ago, the Prophets was written during the Hasmonean dynasty, and finally the remaining books. The Samara culture was preceded by the Middle Volga culture that flourished in the 6th millennium BCE. Migration is a tricky thing. Both of these individuals are genetically most similar to geographically close modern populations from the Amur Basin, all speaking Tungusic languages, and, in particular, to the Ulchi. At the early Neolithic (ca. R1a1a1b1a [R1a1a1a*] (R-Z282*) occurs in northern Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia at a frequency of c. 20%. Artifacts, genes, and even a reconstructed language - Proto-Indo-European - all seem to match up. Theskyoften has important religious significance. Leurs auteurs tiennent cet vnement comme formant la base de la diffusion des langues indo-europennes. 2021, confirmed ANE-related geneflow among the Jmon people, partially ancestral to theAinu people. Lazaridis et al. This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. The Yamnaya culture was instrumental in the rise of the Indo-Europeans. The cattle bones yielded lower and more variable values (5.8 to 9.3 ; range 3.5 ) than those of the sheep/goat (7.8 to 10.2 ; range 2.4 ; with an outlier with . Most of these have small speech communities in remote mountain areas, and as such are poorly documented. ref, Several low-level subgroups have been securelyreconstructed, but reconstruction of aproto-languagefor the family as a whole is still at an early stage, so the higher-level structure of Sino-Tibetan remains unclear. Who were the Yamnaya? The main food of the Yangshao people wasmillet, with some sites usingfoxtail milletand othersproso millet, though some evidence ofricehas been found. However thedocumentary hypothesisfor the Old Testament (corresponds to the JewishTorah) developed originally in the 1870s, identifies these that different authors theJahwist,Elohist,Deuteronomist, and thePriestly source were responsible for editing stories from a polytheistic religion into those of a monotheistic religion. *proto stage of organized religion is 10,000 years ago. Spanish conquistadors couldn't believe their eyes while exploring the rugged terrain of the Andes during their invasion of Peru. The skeletons of a man and woman discovered around 100 years ago, as they were trying to survive the notorious Mount Vesuvius eruption of 79 AD, have been put under the scanner by scientists. To understand and utilize value or actually possess Value Conscious/Consciousness to both give a strong moral axiological argument (the problem of evil) as well as use it to fortify humanism and positive ethical persuasion of human helping and care responsibilities. These two cultures were followed by the Srubnaya culture (18001200BCE or 3,821-3,221 years ago). ref, The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans, and the Pontic-Caspian steppe is the strongest candidate for the Urheimat (original homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European language. ref, Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the theorized common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. The Inner Asian Mountain Corridor as well as the Eurasian Steppe Corridor and Repetitious Migrations. At the same time as the rise of the male god, 7,000 years ago, there was also the very time there was the rise of violence, war, and clans to kingdoms, then empires, then states. We used three recently active transposons (TSI-1,TSI-7, andTSI-10) as genome-wide markers and succeeded in demonstrating geographical structures of the foxtail millet. Remains found at an excavation site used in the study, which has revealed clues to the Yamnaya Cultures migration to Europe. Our findings furthermore support a Yamnaya-related origin for the now extinct Tocharian languages in the Tarim Basin, in southern Xinjiang. ref, Diet and subsistence in Bronze Age pastoral communities from the southern Russian steppes and the North Caucasus, The slightly rolling to flat steppe landscape north of the Caucasus mountain chain includes vast areas without natural boundaries. In this sense, cosmogonic myths serve as aphilosophy of life but one expressed and conveyed throughsymbolrather than through systematic reason. Before me no god was formed, nor will there be one after me. Yamnaya culture - Wikiquote How it is possible that Russian and Sanskrit are descendants from English and Latin? Ket language lacks apparent affiliation with any major language family and is clearly distinct from surrounding Uralic, Turkic, and Tungusic languages, . Then material was taken from the teeth and petrous bone of the samples and dissolved in a liquid. They also grew peas and beans, though there is no solid evidence that they actually made, There is also evidence that they may have kept bees.. XVodolazx/Wikimedia Commons . William Edward Hearn, a noted classicist, and jurist, traced the origin of domestic deities from the earliest stages as an expression of animism, a belief system thought to have existed also in the neolithic, and the forerunner of Indo-European religion. traced to an Earth Mother complementary to the Sky Father inProto-Indo-European religion. These two cultures were followed by the Srubnaya culture (1800-1200 BCE or 3,821-3,221 years ago)." ref These Bronze Age population replacements are associated with theBeaker culturearchaeologically and with theIndo-European expansionlinguistically.ref, As a result of the population movements during the Mesolithic to Bronze Age, modern European populations are distinguished by differences in WHG, EEF, and ANE ancestry. The Kets are thought to be the only survivors of an ancient, The population of the Botai culture were connected to the earliest evidence for horse husbandry. They have also later arisen in several branches of Uralic. ref, Uralo-Siberian is a hypothetical language family of Uralic, Yukaghir, EskimoAleut and besides linguistic evidence, several genetic studies, support a common origin in Northeast Asia. ref, Altaic(also calledTranseurasian) is aproposedlanguage familythat would include theTurkic,Mongolic,andTungusic language familiesand possibly also theJaponicandKoreanic languages. Shamanistic rock art from central Aboriginal Siberians and Aboriginal drums in the Americas. ref, Buddhismaround2,563/2,480 2,483/2,400years old. This gave them a significant advantage over other cultures. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? The settlements of the Botai which consisted ofpit-houseswere relatively large and permanent. Meat was also a significant part of the Yamnaya diet. The Emergence of Pre-Religion 300,000 years ago, with Pre-Animism? The team, from the University of Helsinki and Hartwick College in New York, analysed more than 200 Yamnaya individuals who dated as far back as 3000BC - the start of the Bronze Age. Summarizing, the scarce archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence generally suggest that the gathering and processing of plants might have been a component in the subsistence strategies of the ancient North-Pontic people; however, offering a reliable conclusion about this matter is challenging. ref, TheMikhaylovka culture,Lower Mykhaylivka culture(36003000 BCE)is aCopper Agearchaeological culture which flourished on thePontic steppefrom 3600 to 3000 BCE. People of the precedingDnieper-Donets culturewere even more powerfully built than the Sredny Stog andYamnaya. In someCanaaniteandUgariticsources, l played a role as father of the gods, of creation, or both. culture is significant for its role in the evolution of language. It is furthermore worth noting that at the second-most basal stage, prior to the Tocharian split, the root *h2erh3 had already undergone the semantic shift to plow, implying that this practice was known to the deepest layers of core Indo-European. In the late 3rd millennium BCE, military-oriented stockbreeding societies emerged in Eastern Central Asia (Sayan-Altai and Mongolia). Christians traditionally divide the Old Testament into four sections: The first five books or Pentateuch (Torah). Their descendents moved into Europe, becoming the Afanasievo in the Altai Montains and possibly China. Are there elements of the same in Yamnaya movememt? It postulates that the people of aKurgan culturein thePontic steppenorth of theBlack Seawere the most likely speakers of theProto-Indo-European language(PIE). Yamnaya - The Prehistoric Culture that Contributed to Europe's Genetic (Autodidact Polymath but not good at math), https://indo-european.eu/2018/02/the-arrival-of-haplogroup-r1a-m417-in-eastern-europe-and-the-east-west-diffusion-of-pottery-through-north-eurasia/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture, https://www.sciencealert.com/ancient-women-found-in-a-russian-cave-turn-out-to-be-closely-related-to-the-modern-population, report their results in a paper in the journal, https://www.academia.edu/8530779/Bone_or_Flesh_Defleshing_and_Post_Depositional_Treatments_at_K%C3%B6rtik_Tepe_Southeastern_Anatolia_PPNA_Period_?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/8748426/Life_death_and_the_emergence_of_differential_status_in_the_Near_Eastern_Neolithic_Evidence_from_Kfar_HaHoresh_Lower_Galilee_Israel?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/10373183/Investigating_the_influence_the_domestication_of_animals_had_on_the_animal_symbolism_of_the_Neolithic_Near_East?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/556095/Heady_Business_Skulls_Heads_and_Decaptitation_in_Neolithic_Anatolia_and_Greece?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/2045039/Anarchism_and_the_Archaeology_of_Anarchic_Societies_Resistance_to_Centralization_in_the_Coast_Salish_Region_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/6041699/Is_it_goddess_or_bear_The_role_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_animal_seals_in_Neolithic_symbolism?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/11382971/In_and_Outside_the_Square_The_Sky_and_the_Power_of_Belief_in_Ancient_China_and_the_World_c_4_500_BC_AD_220_Volume_I_The_Ancient_Eurasian_World_and_the_Celestial_Pivot?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/14001057/Kurgan_Copper_Revolution?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/31304670/Dynasty_0?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/24741906/Absolute_chronology_of_the_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Linear_Pottery_culture_at_Moravany?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/49885484/Did_Indo_European_Languages_Stem_From_a_Trans_Eurasian_Original_Language?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/2236450/Natufian_Beginnings_The_consequences_of_a_sedentary_lifestyle?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/3877380/M_Vidale_T_Shaped_Pillars_and_Mesolithic_Chiefdoms_in_the_Prehistory_of_Southern_Eurasia_a_Preliminary_Note?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/38549199/Pigs_in_Space_and_Time_Pork_Consumption_and_Identity_Negotiations_in_the_Late_Bronze_and_Iron_Ages_of_Ancient_Israel_Near_Eastern_Archaeology_81_276-299?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/220990/Ancient_Felines_and_the_Great-Goddess_in_Anatolia_Kubaba_and_Cybele?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/40971286/Anatolia_From_the_Pre_Pottery_Neolithic_to_the_End_of_the_Early_Bronze_Age_10_500_2000_bce_?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/23733311/Recent_excavations_at_the_Neolithic_site_of_yiftahel_Khalet_Khalladyiah_lower_Galilee?email_work_card=title, https://academia.edu/9898651/Inanna_in_Mesopotamian_Religion_and_Culture_Reinforcer_of_Heteronormativity_or_Legitimizer_of_non-Heteronormativity?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/10168550/East_Asian_ethnolinguistic_phylogeography?email_work_card=minimal-title, https://www.academia.edu/9552951/Anth.340_Ppt._lecture-3_Neolithic_Levant_Chronology_Natufian_overview_Neolithic_summary_PPNA_Jericho_Gobekli_Tepe_agriculture_lithics_PPNB_Ain_Ghazal_herding_PNA_pottery_Yarmukian_culture_PNB_Wadi_Rabah_main_trends_by_G._Mumford_revised_Sept._2018_?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/1527168/Starcevo-Cris_Culture_in_Western_Romania_-_repository_distribution_map_state_of_research_and_chronology?email_work_card=title, https://www.academia.edu/30971852/MESOLITHIC_PEOPLE_FROM_CRIMEA?email_work_card=minimal-title, https://www.academia.edu/16562337/From_Upper_Perigordian_to_the_current_Non-hierarchical_Gravettian_in_the_Cantabrian_Region_Northern_Spain_Recent_Changes_Current_Challenges?email_work_card=minimal-title, people there used bread wheat from southwest Asia and broomcorn millet from eastern Asia, Ancient Egyptian Religion Britannica.com, Stone Snake of South Africa: first human worship 70,000 years ago, Beware of Pseudo-History like the Claims of a Hammer in a 400 Million-Year-Old Rock. Although the mythological motifs are not directly attested since Proto-Indo-European speakers lived in preliterate societies scholars of comparative mythology have reconstructed details from inherited similarities found among Indo-European languages, based on the assumption that parts of the Proto-Indo-Europeans original belief systems survived in the daughter traditions. ref, The Proto-Indo-European pantheon includes a number of securely reconstructed deities, since they are both cognates linguistic siblings from a common origin , and associated with similar attributes and body of myths: such as *Dyws Phtr, the daylight-sky god; his consort *Dm, the earth mother; his daughter *Hwss, the dawn goddess; his sons the Divine Twins; and *Sehul, a solar goddess.

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